In response to what war was the WAR POWERS RESOLUTION passed

1973 U.S. federal police force (50 U.S.C. 1541-48)

War Powers Resolution

Long title	Joint resolution concerning the War powers of Congress and the President.
Enacted by	the 93rd U.s. Congress
Effective	Nov 7, 1973
Citations
Public constabulary	93-148
Statutes at Large	87 Stat. 555
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.J.Res. 542 by Clement J. Zablocki (D-WI) on May 3, 1973 Committee consideration by Firm Foreign Diplomacy Passed the Business firm on July 10, 1973 (244–170) Passed the Senate on July 20, 1973 (75–xx) Reported by the joint conference committee on October iv, 1973; agreed to by the Senate on October 10, 1973 (75–xx) and by the House on October 12, 1973 (238–122) Vetoed by President Richard Nixon on October 24, 1973 Overridden by the House on November 7, 1973 (284–135) Overridden by the Senate and became law on Nov 7, 1973 (75–18)

The War Powers Resolution (likewise known as the State of war Powers Resolution of 1973 or the War Powers Deed) (50 U.S.C. ch. 33) is a federal law intended to check the U.S. president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress. The resolution was adopted in the class of a The states congressional joint resolution. Information technology provides that the president can ship the U.S. Armed forces into activity away only by annunciation of state of war by Congress, "statutory authorization", or in instance of "a national emergency created by set on upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces".

The War Powers Resolution requires the president to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military activity and forbids armed forces from remaining for more than 60 days, with a further thirty-day withdrawal period, without congressional authorization for use of military force (AUMF) or a declaration of war by the The states. The resolution was passed by two-thirds each of the House and Senate, overriding the veto of President Richard Nixon.

It has been alleged that the War Powers Resolution has been violated in the by – for example, by President Bill Clinton in 1999, during NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. Congress has disapproved all such incidents, but none has resulted in whatever successful legal actions being taken against the president for alleged violations.^[1]

Background [edit]

Under the United States Constitution, state of war powers are divided. Nether Article I, Section 8, Congress has the power to:

• declare war
• grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal (i.e., license private citizens to capture enemy vessels)
• raise and back up Armies (for terms up to two years at a fourth dimension)
• provide and maintain a Navy
• make Rules for the Authorities and Regulation of the country and naval Forces
• provide for calling forth the Militia
• make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water
• provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia; and
• govern such Part of [the militia] as may be employed in the Service of the Usa.

Section viii farther provides that united states have the power to:

• Engage the Officers of the militia; and
• railroad train the Militia according to the discipline prescribed past Congress.

Article II, Department two provides that:

• "The president shall be Commander in Primary of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States"

It is generally agreed that the commander-in-chief part gives the President power to repel attacks confronting the The states^{[2] [3]} and makes the President responsible for leading the military. The President has the right to sign or veto congressional acts, such as a announcement of state of war, and Congress may override whatever such presidential veto. Additionally, when the president'due south deportment (or inactions) provide "Aid and Condolement" to enemies or levy war against the United states of america, then Congress has the power to impeach and remove (convict) the president for treason. For actions short of treason, they can remove the president for "Blackmail, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors", the definition of which the Supreme Court has left up to Congress. Therefore, the war ability was intentionally split betwixt Congress and the Executive to prevent unilateral executive action that is opposite to the wishes of Congress, and crave a super-majority for legislative action that is contrary to the wishes of the president.

History [edit]

Groundwork and passage [edit]

During the Vietnam State of war, the United States found itself involved for many years in situations of intense conflict without a proclamation of war. Many members of Congress became concerned with the erosion of congressional authorization to make up one's mind when the United States should go involved in a state of war or the use of armed forces that might atomic number 82 to state of war. It was prompted by news leaking out that President Nixon conducted secret bombings of Cambodia during the Vietnam War without notifying Congress.^[4]

The War Powers Resolution was passed by both the House of Representatives and Senate but was vetoed by President Richard Nixon.^{[5] [4]} Past a two-thirds vote in each house, Congress overrode the veto and enacted the joint resolution into law on Nov 7, 1973.^[5]

Implementation, 1993–2002 [edit]

Presidents have submitted 130^{[half dozen]} reports to Congress as a event of the State of war Powers Resolution, although merely one (the Mayagüez incident) cited Section iv(a)(1) and specifically stated that forces had been introduced into hostilities or imminent danger.

Congress invoked the State of war Powers Resolution in the Multinational Strength in Lebanon Act (P.L. 98-119), which authorized the Marines to remain in Lebanon for 18 months during 1982 and 1983. In add-on, the Say-so for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991 (Pub.50. 102–ane), which authorized United States combat operations against Iraqi forces during the 1991 Gulf State of war, stated that it constituted specific statutory authority within the meaning of the State of war Powers Resolution.

On November ix, 1994, the House used a section of the War Powers Resolution to country that U.Due south. forces should be withdrawn from Somalia by March 31, 1994;^{[ citation needed ]} Congress had already taken this action in appropriations legislation. More recently, under President Clinton, war powers were at effect in former Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Kosovo, Republic of iraq, and Haiti, and under President George W. Bush in responding to terrorist attacks confronting the U.S. afterwards September 11, 2001. "[I]n 1999, President Clinton kept the bombing entrada in Kosovo going for more than two weeks after the 60-day deadline had passed. Even then, nevertheless, the Clinton legal squad opined that its deportment were consistent with the State of war Powers Resolution because Congress had approved a bill funding the operation, which they argued constituted implicit authorisation. That theory was controversial because the War Powers Resolution specifically says that such funding does not constitute authorization."^[seven] Clinton'due south actions in Kosovo were challenged past a member of Congress equally a violation of the War Powers Resolution in the D.C. Excursion case Campbell v. Clinton, just the courtroom found the issue was a non-justiciable political question.^[8] It was also accepted that because Clinton had withdrawn from the region 12 days prior the 90-day required borderline, he had managed to comply with the act.^[nine]

After the 1991 Gulf State of war, the utilise of force to obtain Iraqi compliance with United nations resolutions, peculiarly through enforcement of Iraqi no-fly zones, remained a war powers upshot. In October 2002 Congress enacted the Authorization for Use of Military Strength Against Iraq Pub.L. 107–243 (text) (PDF), which authorized President George W. Bush to utilize force equally necessary to defend the U.s. against Iraq and enforce relevant United Nations Security Council Resolutions.^[x] This was in addition to the Authorization for Employ of Military Forcefulness of 2001.

Libya, 2011 [edit]

Secretarial assistant of State Hillary Clinton testified to congress in March 2011 that the Obama administration did not need congressional authorization for its military intervention in Libya or for further decisions near it, despite congressional objections from members of both parties that the assistants was violating the War Powers Resolution.^{[11] [12]} During that classified briefing, she reportedly indicated that the administration would sidestep the Resolution's provision regarding a threescore-solar day limit on unauthorized war machine actions.^[xiii] Months later on, she stated that, with respect to the military functioning in Libya, the United States was all the same flying a quarter of the sorties, and the New York Times reported that, while many presidents had bypassed other sections of the War Powers Resolution, there was fiddling precedent for exceeding the 60-day statutory limit on unauthorized armed services actions – a limit which the Justice Department had said in 1980 was constitutional.^{[14] [15]} The State Department publicly took the position in June 2011 that there was no "hostility" in Libya inside the pregnant of the War Powers Resolution, contrary to legal interpretations in 2011 by the Department of Defense and the Section of Justice Office of Legal Counsel.^{[16] [17] [18]}

May 20, 2011, marked the 60th twenty-four hours of US combat in Great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya (as part of the United nations resolution) just the deadline arrived without President Obama seeking specific dominance from the U.s. Congress.^[xix] President Obama notified Congress that no authorization was needed,^[20] since the Us leadership had been transferred to NATO,^[21] and since US involvement was somewhat "limited". In fact, as of April 28, 2011, the Usa had conducted 75 percent of all aerial refueling sorties, supplied 70 percentage of the operation's intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance, and contributed 24 percentage of the total aircraft used in the operation.^[22] By September, the U.s. had conducted 26 percent of all war machine sorties, contributing more than resources to Functioning Unified Protector than whatsoever other NATO land.^[23] The State Section requested (but never received) express congressional authorization.^{[17] [24]}

On Friday, June 3, 2011, the Us House of Representatives voted to rebuke President Obama for maintaining an American presence in the NATO operations in Libya, which they considered a violation of the State of war Powers Resolution.^{[25] [26]} In The New York Times, an opinion piece past Yale Law Professor Bruce Ackerman stated that Obama's position "lacks a solid legal foundation. And by adopting it, the White House has shattered the traditional legal process the executive co-operative has adult to sustain the dominion of constabulary over the by 75 years."^[27]

Syrian arab republic, 2012–2017 [edit]

In late 2012 or early on 2013, at the direction of U.Southward. President Barack Obama, the Key Intelligence Agency (CIA) was put in charge of Timber Sycamore, a covert program to arm and railroad train the rebels who were fighting against Syrian President Bashar Assad,^[28] while the State Department supplied the Free Syrian Army with non-lethal aid. Post-obit the use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Ceremonious State of war on several occasions, including the Ghouta chemical attack on 21 Baronial 2013, Obama asked Congress for authorization to use military force in Syria, which Congress rejected. Instead, Congress passed a bill that specified that the Defence force Secretary was authorized "...to provide help, including training, equipment, supplies, and sustainment, to appropriately vetted elements of the Syrian opposition and other appropriately vetted Syrian groups and individuals...." The nib specifically prohibited the introduction of U.South. troops or other U.S. forces into hostilities. The bill said: "Nothing in this section shall exist construed to establish a specific statutory authorization for the introduction of U.s.a. Armed Forces into hostilities or into situations wherein hostilities are clearly indicated by the circumstances."^[29]

In spite of the prohibition, Obama, and later U.Southward. President Trump, introduced basis forces into Syrian arab republic, and the United States became fully engaged in the country, though these troops were primarily for training allied forces. On April 6, 2017, the United States launched 59 BGM-109 Tomahawk missiles at Shayrat airbase in Syrian arab republic in response to Syria's alleged use of chemical weapons. Ramble scholar and law professor Stephen Vladeck has noted that the strike potentially violated the State of war Powers Resolution.^[thirty]

Yemen, 2018–2019 [edit]

In 2018, Senators Bernie Sanders (I–VT), Chris Murphy (D–CT), and Mike Lee (R–UT) sponsored a pecker to invoke the War Powers Resolution and to finish U.Due south. back up for the Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen,^[31] which has resulted in thousands of civilian casualties^[31] and "millions more than suffering from starvation and illness."^[32]

Sanders first introduced the nib in the 115th Congress in February 2018, merely the Senate voted to table the movement in March 2018.^[33] Involvement grew in the pecker subsequently the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi in October 2018, with the Senate also approving a resolution property Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman responsible for Khashoggi's decease.^[34] The Senate voted 56-to-41 to invoke the War Powers Resolution in December 2018.^[34] However, the House of Representatives did not vote on the resolution before the conclusion of the 115th Congress.^[35]

The bill was introduced in the 116th Congress in Jan 2019^[36] with Sanders announcing a vote to take identify on March 13, 2019.^[35] The bill was approved past the Senate in a 54–46 vote and was approved by the House of Representatives 247–175.^{[37] [38]}

The bill was vetoed by President Trump on Apr xvi, 2019. On May 2, 2019, the Senate failed to reach the ii-thirds majority vote in order to override the veto.^[39]

Iran, 2020 [edit]

On January 4, 2020, the White Business firm officially notified Congress that information technology had carried out a fatal drone strike against Iranian General Qasem Soleimani a day before. Business firm Speaker Nancy Pelosi said that the entire document was classified and that information technology "raises more questions than it answers." Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell said he would set up a classified briefing for all senators.^[40]

Senator Tim Kaine (D–VA) had already introduced a resolution to prevent the U.S. Armed Forces or whatsoever part of the authorities to use hostilities against Islamic republic of iran.^{[41] [42]} Senator Bernie Sanders (I–VT) and Representative Ro Khanna (D–CA) introduced an anti-funding resolution, also on January 3.^[43]

The Trump Assistants stated that the assault on Qasem Soleimani was carried out in accordance with the War Powers Resolution nether the Authorization for Use of Military machine Force (AUMF) resolution of 2001. The legalities of using the AUMF for endless conflicts has been a source of fence.

On February 13, 2020, the Senate passed a similar legally-binding privileged resolution by a vote of 55–45. Trump vetoed the Senate resolution on May six, 2020, stating the resolution mistakenly "implies that the president's constitutional authorisation to employ military forcefulness is limited to defense of the Us and its forces against imminent assail." Kaine stated Trump'due south veto could enable "endless wars" and "unnecessary war in the Middle East".^[44]

Questions regarding constitutionality [edit]

The War Powers Resolution has been controversial since it was passed.^[45] In passing the resolution, Congress specifically cites the Necessary and Proper Clause for its authority.^[46] Under the Necessary and Proper Clause, it is specifically provided that the Congress shall accept the power to brand all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution, not merely its own powers just also all other powers vested by the Constitution in the Regime of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.

There is controversy over whether the War Powers Resolution's constraints on the President'due south authorisation equally Commander-in-Chief are consistent with the Constitution.^[47] Presidents take therefore drafted reports to Congress required of the President to state that they are "consistent with" the War Powers Resolution rather than "pursuant to" so every bit to take into account the presidential position that the resolution is unconstitutional.^[48]

I argument for the unconstitutionality of the War Powers Resolution past Philip Bobbitt^[49] argues "The power to brand war is not an enumerated power" and the notion that to "declare" state of war is to "commence" state of war is a "gimmicky textual preconception". Bobbitt contends that the Framers of the Constitution believed that statutory authorisation was the route by which the United States would be committed to war, and that 'declaration' was meant for only total wars, every bit shown by the history of the Quasi-War with French republic (1798–1800). In general, constitutional powers are not and so much separated equally "linked and sequenced"; Congress's control over the armed forces is "structured" by appropriation, while the President commands; thus the act of declaring war should not exist fetishized.^{[ clarification needed ]} Bobbitt besides argues that "A republic cannot ... tolerate secret policies" considering they undermine the legitimacy of governmental action.

A second argument concerns a possible alienation of the 'separation of powers' doctrine, and whether the resolution changes the balance between the Legislative and Executive functions. This type of ramble controversy is similar to one that occurred under President Andrew Johnson with the Tenure of Role Act (1867). In that prior instance, the Congress passed a law (over the veto of the then-President) that required the President to secure Congressional blessing for the removal of Cabinet members and other executive branch officers. The Deed was not declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the Us until 1926.^[50] When Andrew Johnson violated the Act, the House of Representatives impeached him; activity in the Senate to remove him failed past 1 vote.

Hither, the separation of powers issue is whether the War Powers Resolution requirements for Congressional approval and presidential reporting to Congress change the constitutional balance established in Manufactures I and Ii, namely that Congress is explicitly granted the sole authority to "declare war", "make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces" (Commodity i, Department 8), and to control the funding of those same forces, while the Executive has inherent authority equally Commander in Chief. This argument does not accost the other reporting requirements imposed on other executive officials and agencies past other statutes, nor does it address the provisions of Article I, Section 8 that explicitly gives Congress the say-so to "make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces".

The constitution specifically states that Congress is authorized "to provide and maintain a Navy" (Article 1 Section eight). The idea of "maintenance" of a Navy implies that Naval Forces would be a permanent fixture of national defense. Ii types of State Forces are described by the Constitution (Commodity 1 Department 8): the Militia (armed denizens organized into local defense forces and state volunteer regiments) which Congress can "call along" and prescribe the "organizing, arming, and disciplining [training]" of, as Congress did in the Militia acts of 1792; and the Army, which Congress can "raise and back up", through regular appropriation acts express to no more than ii years. This division matches how the Revolutionary War was fought, by the Continental Army, raised and supported past the Continental Congress, and local Militias and Volunteer Regiments, raised past the carve up Colonies. After the state of war, under the Articles of Confederation, a small-scale continuing Army, the Outset American Regiment was raised and gradually increased in size over fourth dimension by Congress before, following the Constitution'due south ratification, being transformed into the Regular Army. The availability of a continuing Army, and the President of the United states being authorized equally "Commander in Principal", implies his power as a military commander to employ forces necessary to fulfill his adjuration to defend the constitution.

At that place is also an unresolved legal question, discussed by Justice White in INS v. Chadha of whether a "central provision of the State of war Powers Resolution", namely 50 U.Southward.C. 1544(c), constitutes an improper legislative veto. (See Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 971.) That section 1544(c) states "such forces shall be removed past the President if the Congress so directs by concurrent resolution". Justice White argues in his dissent in Chadha that, under the Chadha ruling, 1544(c) would be a violation of the Presentment Clause. The majority in Chadha does not resolve the issue. Justice White does not accost or evaluate in his dissent whether that department would fall within the inherent Congressional say-so nether Commodity I Section viii to "make Rules for the Authorities and Regulation of the state and naval Forces".^[51] A post-Chadha argument for the constitutionality of the concurrent resolution is that the War Powers Resolution does not delegate legislative authority to the President, and that the Chadha ruling applies only when Congress seeks to revoke a delegation of its authority.^[52]

A hearing was held before the Subcommittee on Federal Spending Oversight and Emergency Management of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, on June 6, 2018, on war powers and the effects of unauthorized military engagements on federal spending. The witnesses giving testimony before the subcommittee were police force professors Andrew Napolitano and Jonathan Turley, and Christopher Anders of the ACLU.^[53]

References [edit]

1. ^ "State of war Powers - Law Library of Congress - Library of Congress". Library of Congress.
2. ^ The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, at 318-xix (Max Farrand ed., rev. ed. 1966)(1911)
3. ^ [i] Archived Dec xv, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
4. ^ ^{a b} "War Powers Act". November xxx, 2017.
5. ^ ^{a b} "When Congress terminal used its powers to declare state of war". December 8, 2018. Retrieved October xv, 2019.
6. ^ U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance. Washington: The Service, 2011 (RL33532), Summary.
7. ^ Savage, Charlie (2011-04-01) Clock Ticking on War Powers Resolution, The New York Times The Conclave Blog
8. ^ Campbell 5. Clinton, vol. 203, February xviii, 2000, p. 19, retrieved February 23, 2017
9. ^ How War Powers, Congressional Action take Intersected Over Fourth dimension The Wall Street Journal (2013-09-02)
10. ^ Pub.Fifty. 107–243 (text) (PDF)
11. ^ "Congress members grill assistants officials on Great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya mission". CNN. March 31, 2011.
12. ^ Lillis, Mike; et al. (March 30, 2011). "White Business firm conference changes few minds on Libya involvement". The Hill.
13. ^ Crabtree, Susan (March 30, 2011). "Clinton To Congress: Obama Would Ignore Your War Resolutions". Talking Points Memo.
14. ^ Charlie Roughshod (May 26, 2011). "Great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya Endeavor Is Called Violation of War Act". The New York Times. p. A8. ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
15. ^ Savage, Charlie (June xviii, 2011). "ii Elevation Lawyers Lost to Obama in Libya War Policy Debate". The New York Times. p. A1.
16. ^ Savage, Charlie (June eighteen, 2011). "President overruled 2 key lawyers on debate over Great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya war policy". The Seattle Times.
17. ^ ^{a b} Cosgrove, Maureen "State Department legal adviser: Obama acting lawfully in Libya", JURIST (June 28, 2011).
18. ^ Gvosdev, Nikolas; Stigler, Andrew (June 28, 2011). "Defining War in an Ill-Defined World". Opinion. The New York Times . Retrieved February 13, 2020.
19. ^ Libya War Deadline Arrives Play a joke on News
20. ^ "White Firm on War Powers Deadline: 'Limited' US Office in Libya Means No Demand to Get Congressional Authorisation", ABC News, May xx, 2011 Archived September xvi, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
21. ^ "Libya: Nato assumes control of war machine performance". BBC News. March 27, 2011.
22. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 5, 2015. Retrieved October 4, 2015. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
23. ^ "Archived re-create". Archived from the original on October sixteen, 2015. Retrieved October 4, 2015. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
24. ^ Owen, Robert (2015). "The U.S. Experience: National Strategy and Entrada Back up". In Karl Mueller (ed.). Precision and Purpose: Airpower in the Libyan Civil War. Rand Corporation. p. 105. ISBN9780833088079.
25. ^ Dinan, Stephen, "Bipartisan Congress rebuffs Obama on Libya mission". The Washington Times, Saturday, June iv, 2011
26. ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (June 3, 2011). "Business firm Rebukes Obama for Continuing Libyan Mission Without Its Consent". The New York Times.
27. ^ Ackerman, Bruce. "Legal Acrobatics, Illegal War", The New York Times (June 21, 2011). Page A27.
28. ^ Barnes, Julian E.; Entous, Adam (Feb 17, 2015). "U.S. to Give Some Syria Rebels Ability to Call Airstrikes". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved Feb 17, 2015.
29. ^ Pub.Fifty. 113–164 (text) (PDF)
30. ^ "Was Trump's Syria Strike Legal? An Practiced Weighs In". Retrieved April 7, 2017.
31. ^ ^{a b} Caldwell, Leigh Ann (November 28, 2018). "Senate advances beak to end U.S. involvement in Yemen war after 'inadequate' briefing on Kingdom of saudi arabia". NBC News . Retrieved January 1, 2019.
32. ^ Ward, Alex (November 28, 2018). "The Senate is moving closer to catastrophe US support for the state of war in Yemen". Vox . Retrieved January ane, 2019.
33. ^ S.J.Res. 54
34. ^ ^{a b} Hirschfeld Davis, Julie; Schmitt, Eric (December 13, 2018). "Senate Votes to End Aid for Yemen Fight Over Khashoggi Killing and Saudis' State of war Aims". The New York Times . Retrieved Dec xviii, 2018.
35. ^ ^{a b} Levin, Marianne (March 12, 2019). "Senate set to once again admonish Trump over Yemen on Wednesday". politico.com. Political leader. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
36. ^ Southward.J.Res. 7
37. ^ "Senate votes to finish US back up of Saudi-led Yemen war". BBC News. March 14, 2019. Retrieved March fourteen, 2019.
38. ^ Killough, Ashley; Barrett, Ted (April 4, 2019). "Firm sends Yemen War Powers Resolution to Trump, where it faces veto threat". CNN . Retrieved Apr 4, 2019.
39. ^ George, Susannah (May 2, 2019). "Trump'southward Republic of yemen state of war policy survives Senate'southward veto override bid". AP News . Retrieved February 13, 2020.
40. ^ Frazin, Rachel (January 4, 2020). "White Firm sends Congress formal notification of Soleimani strike". The Loma . Retrieved Feb 13, 2020.
41. ^ Schulz, Jacob (January 3, 2020). "Sen. Kaine Introduces State of war Powers Resolution on Iran Conflict". Lawfare.
42. ^ Lemieux, Melissa (Jan 3, 2020). "Sen. Tim Kaine Introduces Resolution to Stop State of war with Iran: 'I've Been Deeply Concerned most President Trump Stumbling into a War'". Newsweek . Retrieved February 13, 2020.
43. ^ Axelrod, Tal (Jan 3, 2020). "Sanders, Khanna introduce legislation to block funding for a war with Iran". The Hill.
44. ^ Crowley, Michael (May vi, 2020). "Trump Vetoes Measure Demanding Congressional Approval for Iran Conflict". The New York Times . Retrieved May 10, 2020.
45. ^ "The state of war powers resolution". U.s.a. Section of State Message. September fifteen, 1988. Retrieved July 9, 2008. "The War Powers Resolution has been controversial from the twenty-four hour period it was adopted over President Nixon's veto. Since 1973, executive officials and many Members of Congress have criticized various aspects of the police force repeatedly."
46. ^ War Powers Joint Resolution, §2(b).
47. ^ Rushkoff, Bennett C. "A Defense of the War Powers Resolution." Yale Police Journal 93, no. 7 (June 1984): 1333-35.[2]
48. ^ "War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance". September 25, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
49. ^ "State of war Powers: An Essay on John Hart Ely'due south War and Responsibility: Constitutional Lessons of Vietnam and Its Aftermath," Michigan Law Quarterly 92, no. 6 (May 1994): 1364–1400.
50. ^ "Myers five. United States, 272 U. S. 52 (1926)".
51. ^ "The Constitution of the U.s. - Nosotros the People - an easy to read and apply version". launchknowledge.com. September ten, 2020.
52. ^ Rushkoff, Bennett C. "A Defence force of the War Powers Resolution." Yale Law Journal 93, no. 7 (June 1984): 1349-50.[3]
53. ^ United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Diplomacy. Subcommittee on Federal Spending Oversight and Emergency Direction (2019). War Powers and the Effects of Unauthorized Military Engagements on Federal Spending: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Federal Spending Oversight and Emergency Management of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifteenth Congress, Second Session, June 6, 2018. Washington, DC: U.S. Authorities Publishing Function. Retrieved February 7, 2019.

Sources [edit]

• Grimmett, Richard Z. (February 14, 2006). "CRS Report for Congress: State of war Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
• United States Congress (November 7, 1973). "War Powers Resolution of 1973 (Public Law 93-148)". The Center for Regulatory Effectiveness. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
• United States Congress (Oct 31, 1998). "H.R.4655: Iraq Liberation Human activity of 1998 (Public Police 105-338)". IraqWatch.org. Archived from the original on June 30, 2009. Retrieved September thirty, 2007.
• U.s. Congress (September eighteen, 2001). "Public Law 107-40: Joint Resolution: To qualify the utilise of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the recent attacks launched confronting the United States (S.J. Res. 23)" (text). United states of america Government Printing Function. Retrieved September xxx, 2007.
• U.s.a. Congress (October 16, 2002). "Public Law 107-243: Authorization for the Use of Military machine Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 (H. J. Res. 114)" (text). United states of america Government Press Function. Retrieved September xxx, 2007.
• Kinkopf, Neil. "The Congress as Surge Protector" (PDF). American Constitution Social club for Police and Policy. p. 2. Retrieved September 30, 2007. The Supreme Court has been clear and unambiguous. When Congress, acting in the vast areas of overlapping power, tells the President 'no', the President must comply.
• Doumar, Robert 1000. (January 8, 2003). "Hamdi v. Rumsfeld Entreatment from the U.s.a. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Norfolk (CA-02-439-two)" (PDF). United states Judiciary. Archived from the original (PDF) on Feb 4, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
• Young, D. Lindley (February 24, 2003). "Amicus Curiae Brief in Support of Plaintiff's Appeal" (PDF). United States Judiciary. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
• Library of Congress (March 12, 2012). "Research Help: War Powers" (text). United States Government Library of Congress. Retrieved May four, 2012.

External links [edit]

• Avalon Project - War Powers Resolution
• The War Powers Resolution: After Twenty-Eight Years November 15, 2001 PDF
• The War Powers Resolution: Concepts and Do March 28, 2017 PDF
• War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance September 11, 2001 HTML
• War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance January eight, 2002 PDF
• War Powers Resolution : Presidential Compliance March 16, 2004 PDF
• War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance November 15, 2004 PDF
• The War Powers Resolution: Afterwards Thirty Years

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution

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